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In 1912, at the
twilight of the Old West, 13-year-old Indiana Jones is horseback riding
with his Boy Scout troop in Moab, Utah. While scouting caves, Indy
discovers a group of grave robbers who have found a golden crucifix
belonging to Coronado and steals it from them, hoping to donate it to a
museum. The men give chase through a passing circus train, leaving Indy
with a bloody cut across his lip from a bullwhip and new phobia of
snakes. Indy escapes, but the local sheriff makes him return the
crucifix. Impressed with Indy's bravery, the leader of the robbers gives
Indy his fedora.
In 1938, Indy recovers the crucifix off the
coast of Portugal and donates it to Marcus Brody's museum. Later, Indy
is introduced to Walter Donovan, who informs him that Indy's father,
Henry Jones, Sr., has vanished while searching for the Holy Grail, using
an incomplete inscription as his guide. Indy then receives Henry's
Grail diary via mail from Venice. Realizing that he would not have sent
the diary unless he was in trouble, Indy and Marcus travel to Venice,
where they meet Henry's Austrian colleague, Dr. Elsa Schneider. Beneath
the library where Henry was last seen, Indy and Elsa discover the tomb
of a First Crusade knight, which also contains a complete version of the
inscription that Henry had used, this one revealing the location of the
Grail. They flee, however, when the catacombs are set aflame by the
Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword, a secret society that protects the
Grail from evildoers. After a speedboat chase, Indy and Elsa capture one
of the Brotherhood, Kazim, and Indy tells him that his goal is only to
find his father and that he has no interest in finding the Grail. Kazim
tells him that Henry is being held in Castle Brunwald on the
Austrian-German border. Marcus later reveals a map drawn by Henry of the
route to the Grail, which begins in Alexandretta.
At Castle
Brunwald, Indy rescues Henry, but learns that Elsa and Donovan are
actually working with the Nazis, and are using him to find the Grail for
them. Meanwhile, Marcus is captured in Hatay, Turkey while waiting with
Sallah for the Joneses. The Joneses escape from Castle Brunwald and
recover the diary from Elsa at a Nazi rally in Berlin, barely escaping
from an accidental face to face encounter with Adolf Hitler, who
autographs Henry's diary. They board a Zeppelin to leave Germany, but
the Zeppelin soon turns around and the Joneses escape in a parasite
biplane. They crash while engaging in a dogfight with the Luftwaffe due
to Henry's accidentally shooting the plane's tail off, but Henry redeems
himself on the ground by alarming a flock of birds to take flight in
front of the Luftwaffe fighter causing the pilot to crash.
The
two meet up with Sallah in Hatay, where they learn of Marcus's
abduction. The Nazis are already moving toward the Grail's location,
using the map possessed by Marcus. In exchange for a Rolls-Royce Phantom
II, the Sultan of Hatay has given the Nazis full access to his
equipment for the expedition, including a large tank. Indy, Henry, and
Sallah find the Nazi expedition, which is ambushed by the Brotherhood.
During the battle, Henry is captured by Nazi officer Vogel while
attempting to rescue Marcus from the tank; Kazim and his comrades are
killed. The younger Jones pursues the tank on horseback and, with the
aid of Sallah, saves Henry and Marcus. He is then caught up in a fight
with Vogel, and barely escapes before the tank goes over a cliff,
killing Vogel.
Indy, Henry, Marcus, and Sallah catch up with the
surviving Nazis, led by Donovan and Elsa, who have found the temple
where the Grail is kept but are unable to pass through the three
protective booby traps. Donovan shoots Henry, mortally wounding him, in
order to force Indy to risk his life in the traps to find the Grail and
use its healing power to save Henry. Using the information in the diary
and followed by Donovan and Elsa, Indy safely overcomes the traps
(circular blades, a word puzzle, and an invisible bridge across a
bottomless pit), and reaches the Grail's chamber, which is guarded by a
knight. He has been kept alive for seven hundred years by the power of
the Grail, which is hidden among dozens of fake Grails. Elsa betrays
Donovan by deliberately giving him a golden chalice, which causes him to
decay into dust upon drinking from it. Indy then uses his expert
knowledge to find the true Grail, a plain cup of a carpenter, which the
knight warns cannot be taken beyond the great seal at the temple's
entrance. Indy fills the Grail with water and takes it to Henry, which
they give to him to drink along with pouring the rest on his gunshot
wound, instantly healing him. Elsa then takes the Grail past the great
seal, ignoring and forgetting the knight's warning. The temple begins to
rapidly collapse and, even as Indy attempts to save her, Elsa falls to
her death into an abyss because she is unable to let go of her obsession
with the Grail. Indy nearly suffers the same fate, but is saved by
Henry, who convinces him to let it go. While the knight watches them,
the Joneses, Marcus, and Sallah then narrowly escape the collapsing
temple. Afterwards, Henry reveals the origins of Indy's nickname to the
group as the name of the family's former Malamute before they all ride
off into the sunset.
Principal
photography began on May 16, 1988 in the Tabernas Desert in Spain's
Almería province. Spielberg originally had planned the chase to be a
short sequence shot over two days, but he drew up storyboards to make
the scene an action-packed centerpiece.[4] Thinking he would not surpass
the truck chase from Raiders of the Lost Ark (because the truck was
much faster than the tank), he felt this sequence should be more
story-based and needed to show Indiana and Henry helping each other. He
later said he had more fun storyboarding the sequence than filming
it.[11] The second unit had begun filming two weeks before.[12] After
approximately ten days, the production moved to Bellas Artes to film the
scenes set in the Sultan of Hatay's palace. Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural
Park was used for the road, tunnel and beach sequence in which birds
strike the plane. The shoot's Spanish portion wrapped on June 2, 1988 in
Guadix, Granada with filming of Brody's capture at İskenderun train
station.[12] The filmmakers built a mosque near the station for
atmosphere, rather than adding it as a visual effect.[11]
Filming
for the castle interiors took place from June 5 to 10, 1988 at Elstree
Studios, England. On June 16 Lawrence Hall, London was used for the
airport interiors. Filming returned to Elstree the next day to capture
the motorcycle escape, continuing at the studio for interior scenes
until July 18. One day was spent at North Weald Airfield on June 29 to
film Indiana leaving for Venice.[12] Ford and Connery acted much of the
Zeppelin table conversation without trousers on because of the
overheated set.[13] Spielberg, Marshall and Kennedy interrupted the
shoot to make a plea to the Parliament of the United Kingdom to support
the economically "depressed" British studios. July 20–22 was spent
filming the temple interiors. The temple set, which took six weeks to
build, was supported on 80 feet of hydraulics and ten gimbals for use
during the earthquake scene. Resetting between takes took twenty minutes
while the hydraulics were put to their starting positions and the
cracks filled with plaster. The shot of the Grail falling to the temple
floor—causing the first crack to appear—was attempted on the full-size
set, but proved too difficult. Instead, crews built a separate floor
section that incorporated a pre-scored crack sealed with plaster. It
took several takes to throw the Grail from six feet onto the right part
of the crack.[11] July 25–26 was spent on night shoots at Stowe School,
Stowe, Buckinghamshire for the Nazi rally.[12]
Filming resumed
two days later at Elstree, where Spielberg swiftly filmed the library,
Portuguese freighter, and catacombs sequences.[12] The steamship fight
in the prologue's 1938 portion was filmed in three days on a
sixty-by-forty-feet deck built on gimbals at Elstree. A dozen dump
tanks—each holding three hundred imperial gallons (360 U.S. gallons;
3000 lb.) of water—were used in the scene.[11] Henry's house was filmed
at Mill Hill, London. Indiana and Kazim's fight in Venice in front of a
ship's propeller was filmed in a water tank at Elstree. Spielberg used a
long focus lens to make it appear the actors were closer to the
propeller than they really were.[12] Two days later, on August 4,
another portion of the boat chase using Hacker Craft sport boats, was
filmed at Tilbury Docks in Essex.[12] The shot of the boats passing
between two ships was achieved by first cabling the ships off so they
would be safe. The ships were moved together while the boats passed
between, close enough that one of the boats scraped the sides of the
ships. An empty speedboat containing dummies was launched from a
floating platform between the ships amid fire and smoke that helped
obscure the platform. The stunt was performed twice because the boat
landed too short of the camera in the first attempt.[11] The following
day, filming in England wrapped at the Royal Masonic School in
Rickmansworth, which doubled for Indiana's college (as it had in Raiders
of the Lost Ark).[12] Al Khazneh was used for the entrance to the temple housing the Holy Grail
Shooting
in Venice took place on August 8.[12] For scenes such as Indiana and
Brody greeting Elsa, shots of the boat chase, and Kazim telling Indiana
where his father is,[11] Robert Watts gained control of the Grand Canal
from 7 am to 1 pm, sealing off tourists for as long as possible.
Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe positioned the camera to ensure no
satellite dishes would be visible.[12] San Barnaba di Venezia served as
the library's exterior.[4] The next day, filming moved to the ancient
city of Petra, Jordan, where Al Khazneh (The Treasury) stood in for the
temple housing the Grail. The cast and crew became guests of King
Hussein and Queen Noor. The Treasury had previously appeared in Sinbad
and the Eye of the Tiger. The main cast completed their scenes that
week, after 63 days of filming.[12]
The second unit filmed part
of the prologue's 1912 segment from August 29 to September 3. The main
unit began two days later with the circus train sequence at Alamosa,
Colorado. They filmed at Pagosa Springs on September 7, and then at
Cortez on September 10. From September 14 to 16, filming of Indiana
falling into the train carriages took place in Los Angeles. The
production then moved to Utah's Arches National Park to shoot more of
the opening. A house near the park was used for the Jones family
home.[12] The production had intended to film at Mesa Verde National
Park, but Native American representatives had religious objections to
its use.[11] When Spielberg and editor Michael Kahn viewed a rough cut
of the film in late 1988, they felt it suffered from a lack of action.
The motorcycle chase was shot during post-production at Mount Tamalpais
and Fairfax near Skywalker Ranch. The closing shot of Indiana, Henry,
Sallah and Brody riding into the sunset was filmed in Texas in early
1989.[12][14] Design
Mechanical effects supervisor George
Gibbs said the film was the most difficult one of his career.[11] He
visited a museum to negotiate renting a small French World War I tank,
but decided he wanted to make one.[12] The tank was based on the Tank
Mark VIII, which was 36 feet (11 m) long and weighed 28 short tons (25
t). Gibbs built the tank over the framework of a 28-short-ton (25 t)
excavator and added 7-short-ton (6.4 t) tracks that were driven by two
automatic hydraulic pumps, each connected to a Range Rover V8 engine.
Gibbs built the tank from steel rather than aluminum or fiberglass
because it would allow the realistically suspensionless vehicle to
endure the rocky surfaces. Unlike its historical counterpart, which had
only the two side guns, the tank had a turret gun added as well. It took
four months to build and was transported to Almería on a Short Belfast
plane and then a low loader truck.[11] Composite photograph of the tank on location
The
tank broke down twice. The distributor's rotor arm broke and a
replacement had to be sourced from Madrid. Then two of the device's
valves used to cool the oil exploded, due to solder melting and mixing
with the oil. It was very hot in the tank, despite the installation of
ten fans, and the lack of suspension meant the driver was unable to stop
shaking during filming breaks.[11] The tank only moved at 10 to 12
miles per hour (16 to 19 km/h), which Vic Armstrong said made it
difficult to film Indiana riding a horse against the tank while making
it appear faster.[12] A smaller section of the tank's top made from
aluminum and which used rubber tracks was used for close-ups. It was
built from a searchlight trailer, weighed eight tons, and was towed by a
four-wheel drive truck. It had safety nets on each end to prevent
injury to those falling off.[11] A quarter-scale model by Gibbs was
driven over a 50-foot (15 m) cliff on location; Industrial Light &
Magic created further shots of the tank's destruction with models and
miniatures.[15]
Michael Lantieri, mechanical effects supervisor
for the 1912 scenes, noted the difficulty in shooting the train
sequence. "You can't just stop a train," he said, "If it misses its
mark, it takes blocks and blocks to stop it and back up." Lantieri hid
handles for the actors and stuntmen to grab onto when leaping from
carriage to carriage. The carriage interiors shot at Universal Studios
Hollywood were built on tubes that inflated and deflated to create a
rocking motion.[11] For the close-up of the rhinoceros that strikes at
(and misses) Indiana, a foam and fiberglass animatronic was made in
London. When Spielberg decided he wanted it to move, the prop was sent
to John Carl Buechler in Los Angeles, who resculpted it over three days
to blink, snarl, snort and wiggle its ears. The giraffes were also
created in London. Because steam locomotives are very loud, Lantieri's
crew would respond to first assistant director David Tomblin's radioed
directions by making the giraffes nod or shake their heads to his
questions, which amused the crew.[15] For the villains' cars, Lantieri
selected a 1914 Ford Model T, a 1919 Ford Model T truck and a 1916 Saxon
Model 14, fitting each with a Ford Pinto V6 engine. Sacks of dust were
hung under the cars to create a dustier environment.[11]
Spielberg
used doves for the seagulls that Henry scares into striking the German
plane because the real gulls used in the first take did not fly.[4] In
December 1988, Lucasfilm ordered 1000 disease-free gray rats for the
catacombs scenes from the company that supplied the snakes and bugs for
the previous films. Within five months, 5000 rats had been bred for the
sequence;[4] 1000 mechanical rats stood in for those that were set on
fire. Several thousand snakes of five breeds—including a boa
constrictor—were used for the train scene, in addition to rubber ones
onto which Phoenix could fall. The snakes would slither from their
crates, requiring the crew to dig through sawdust after filming to find
and return them. Two lions were used, which became nervous because of
the rocking motion and flickering lights.[11]
Costume designer
Anthony Powell found it a challenge to create Connery's costume because
the script required the character to wear the same clothes throughout.
Powell thought about his own grandfather and incorporated tweed suits
and fishing hats. Powell felt it necessary for Henry to wear glasses,
but did not want to hide Connery's eyes, so chose rimless ones. He could
not find any suitable, so he had them specially made. The Nazi costumes
were genuine and were found in Eastern Europe by Powell's co-designer
Joanna Johnston, to whom he gave research pictures and drawings for
reference.[12] The motorcycles used in the chase from the castle were a
mixed bag: the scout model with sidecar in which Indy and Henry escape
was an original Dnepr, complete with machine gun pintle on the sidecar,
while the pursuing vehicles were more modern machines dressed up with
equipment and logos to make them resemble German army models. Gibbs used
Swiss Pilatus P-2 army training planes standing in for Messerschmitt
Bf-109s. He built a device based on an internal combustion engine to
simulate gunfire, which was safer and less expensive than firing
blanks.[15] Baking soda was applied to Connery to create Henry's bullet
wound. Vinegar was applied to create the foaming effect as the water
from the Grail washes it away.[15] At least one reproduction Kubelwagen
was used during filming despite the film being set two years prior to
manufacture of said vehicles. Effects
Industrial Light &
Magic (ILM) built an eight-foot foam model of the Zeppelin to complement
shots of Ford and Connery climbing into the biplane. A biplane model
with a two-foot wingspan was used for the shot of the biplane detaching.
Stop motion animation was used for the shot of the German fighter's
wings breaking off as it crashes through the tunnel. The tunnel was a
210 feet model that occupied 14 of ILM's parking spaces for two months.
It was built in eight-foot sections, with hinges allowing each section
to be opened to film through. Ford and Connery were filmed against
bluescreen; the sequence required their car to have a dirty windscreen,
but to make the integration easier this was removed and later composited
into the shot. Dust and shadows were animated onto shots of the plane
miniature to make it appear as if it disturbed rocks and dirt before it
exploded. Several hundred tim-birds were used in the background shots of
the seagulls striking the other plane; for the closer shots, ILM
dropped feather-coated crosses onto the camera. These only looked
convincing because the scene's quick cuts merely required shapes that
suggested gulls.[15] Indiana discovers a bridge hidden by camouflage.
Ford was filmed in front of a bluescreen for the scene, which was
completed by a model of the bridge filmed against a matte painting
Spielberg
devised the three trials that guard the Grail.[6] For the first, the
blades under which Indiana ducks like a penitent man were a mix of
practical and miniature blades created by Gibbs and ILM. For the second
trial, in which Indiana spells "Iehova" on stable stepping stones, it
was intended to have a tarantula crawl up Indiana after he mistakenly
steps on "J". This was filmed and deemed unsatisfactory, so ILM filmed a
stuntman hanging through a hole that appears in the floor, 30 feet
above a cavern. As this was dark, it did not matter that the matte
painting and models were rushed late in production. The third trial, the
leap of faith that Indiana makes over an apparently impassable ravine
after discovering a bridge hidden by forced perspective, was created
with a model bridge and painted backgrounds. This was cheaper than
building a full-size set. A puppet of Ford was used to create a shadow
on the 9-foot-tall (2.7 m) by 13-foot-wide (4.0 m) model because Ford
had filmed the scene against bluescreen, which did not incorporate the
shaft of light from the entrance.[15]
Spielberg wanted Donovan's
death shown in one shot, so it would not look like an actor having
makeup applied between takes. Inflatable pads were applied to Julian
Glover's forehead and cheeks that made his eyes seem to recede during
the character's initial decomposition, as well as a mechanical wig that
grew his hair. The shot of Donovan's death was created over three months
by morphing together three puppets of Donovan in separate stages of
decay, a technique ILM mastered on Willow (1988).[13] A fourth puppet
was used for the decaying clothes, because the puppet's torso mechanics
had been exposed. Complications arose because Alison Doody's double had
not been filmed for the scene's latter two elements, so the background
and hair from the first shot had to be used throughout, with the other
faces mapped over it. Donovan's skeleton was hung on wires like a
marionette; it required several takes to film it crashing against the
wall because not all the pieces released upon impact.[15]
Ben
Burtt designed the sound effects. He recorded chickens for the sounds of
the rats,[12] and digitally manipulated the noise made by a Styrofoam
cup for the castle fire. He rode in a biplane to record the sounds for
the dogfight sequence, and visited the demolition of a wind turbine for
the plane crashes.[15] Burtt wanted an echoing gunshot for Donovan
wounding Henry, so he fired a .357 Magnum in Skywalker Ranch's
underground car park, just as Lucas drove in.[12] A rubber balloon was
used for the earthquake tremors at the temple.[16] The film was released
in selected theaters in the 70 mm Full-Field Sound format, which
allowed sounds to not only move from side to side, but also from the
theater's front to its rear.[15]
Matte paintings of the Austrian
castle and German airport were based on real buildings; the Austrian
castle was a small West German castle that was made to look larger. Rain
was created by filming granulated Borax soap against black at high
speed. It was only lightly double exposed into the shots so it would not
resemble snow. The lightning was animated. The airport used was at San
Francisco's Treasure Island, which already had appropriate art deco
architecture. ILM added a control tower, Nazi banners, vintage
automobiles and a sign stating "Berlin Flughafen". The establishing shot
of the Hatayan city at dusk was created by filming silhouetted cutouts
that were backlit and obscured by smoke. Matte paintings were used for
the sky and to give the appearance of fill light in the shadows and rim
light on the edges of the buildings
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